Expert Articles

Fasting Glucose: <80 mg/dL, Never above 110-120 mg/dL post-meal, Fasting Insulin: 2-5 mIU/dL, HbA1c: <5.5%

HDL: >60 mg/dL

Uric Acid: <7-8 mg/dL

Morning Cortisol: 14-18 μg/dL, DHEA: supports testosterone production

Custom ranges based on individual baselines and symptoms

Vitamin D: 40-60 ng/mL

Omega-3 Index: >8%, Vitamin D: 40-60 ng/mL

Homocysteine: <7 μmol/L (optimal), <10.5 μmol/L (acceptable)

hs-CRP: <0.5 mg/L (optimal), <1 mg/L (low risk)

GGT: <18 U/L (men), <9 U/L (women), AST: <35 U/L, ALT: <33 U/L (men), <25 U/L (women)

TSH: 0.5-2.5 mIU/L (optimal vs 0.45-4.12 standard)

TSH: 0.5-2.5 mIU/L, 60-80th percentile associated with lowest mortality

Men: >600 ng/dL for lower mortality risk, Women: 10-55 ng/dL (premenopausal)

ALT: 19-25 U/L (women), 29-33 U/L (men), AST: <35 U/L

Top 1% results across multiple biomarkers, Biological age: 0.64 speed of aging

Multi-marker approach for comprehensive longevity assessment

Emphasis on early intervention before diabetes develops

Homocysteine: 5-7.2 μmol/L, Ferritin: context-dependent

Fasting glucose: <80 mg/dL, Never above 110-120 mg/dL post-meal

Tighter ranges than conventional labs for early dysfunction detection

Fasting insulin: <10 mIU/dL, optimal: 2-5 mIU/dL

Natural optimization targeting >600 ng/dL for men

Neutrophils: 55-70% (2500-8000/µL), Lymphocytes: 20-40% (1000-4000/µL), Monocytes: 2-8%, Eosinophils: 1-4%, Basophils: 0.5-1%

Band cells indicate shift to left; bacterial infections raise neutrophils; viral infections raise lymphocytes

Protein: <150 mg/24h normal; pH: 4.5-8.0

Hyaline casts: normal finding; RBC casts: glomerulonephritis; WBC casts: pyelonephritis

Calcium oxalate: most common; uric acid: acidic urine; struvite: UTI with urease-producing bacteria

<1: NAFLD without fibrosis; ~1: cirrhosis/fibrosis; ≥2: alcoholic liver disease

Ratio >2 in 70% of alcoholic liver disease; ratio rises as NAFLD progresses to cirrhosis

Normal: 10:1 to 20:1; >20:1 with normal creatinine: dehydration; >20:1 with high creatinine: prerenal azotemia

Normal: 200-285 µmol/L; reflects 2-3 week glucose average; use when HbA1c unreliable

Elevated in high bone turnover states; 20% decrease on treatment indicates response

CTx and P1NP are preferred markers; serial measurements should use same assay

Normal: 4-12 mmol/L; high gap: DKA, lactic acidosis, toxins; albumin correction required

Delta-delta ratio 1-2: pure HAGMA; <1: concurrent non-gap acidosis; >2: concurrent metabolic alkalosis

Normal varies by lab; ≥3x upper limit: acute pancreatitis likely; does not predict severity

Rises 4-8 hours after pancreatitis onset; peaks at 24 hours; normalizes in 8-14 days

Hemoglobin: 12-16 g/dL (women), 13-18 g/dL (men); MCV: 80-100 fL

Mentzer index (MCV/RBC): >13 suggests iron deficiency; <13 suggests thalassemia

Normal MPV: 7-9 fL; high MPV with low platelets: destruction; low MPV: production problem

High MPV linked to platelet reactivity and cardiovascular risk

LE + Nitrite positive: 85% PPV for UTI; both negative: 92% NPV

Nitrite: 95% specificity but 48% sensitivity for UTI

NLR ≥4.10: 34% 2-year mortality vs 10% in lowest quartile

NLR integrates innate and adaptive immunity; cheap, fast, widely available

No CAD: PLR ~98; moderate CAD: PLR ~120; severe CAD: PLR ~147

RA patients: PLR >137; healthy controls: PLR <134

Total/HDL ratio: ideal <3.5

LDL/HDL >5: 6x coronary event rate vs <5

Normal: 20-35 mg/dL; Wilson disease: usually <10 mg/dL

<5 mg/dL highly suggestive of Wilson disease regardless of symptoms

Normal: 255-450 µg/dL; high UIBC: iron deficiency; low UIBC: iron overload

TIBC = UIBC + Serum Iron; transferrin normally 1/3 saturated

tTG-IgA: 93% positive in celiac; 96% negative in healthy; must be eating gluten

tTG-IgA sensitivity ~95%, specificity ~99%; check total IgA first

Normal: 1.7-2.2 mg/dL; optimal for longevity: upper half of range

Normal: 60-120 µg/dL; functional optimal: 90-120 µg/dL

Normal PTH: 15-65 pg/mL; interpret with calcium levels

Sufficiency: 30-100 ng/mL; optimal for longevity: 40-60 ng/mL

Normal: 44-147 U/L; elevated in liver disease, bone disorders, pregnancy

Total: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL; mild elevation (1-2x) may be protective (Gilbert syndrome)

Normal: 0-45 U/L; optimal: <20 U/L; elevated with metabolic syndrome

TPO: <34 IU/mL normal; elevated indicates autoimmune thyroiditis

FTI = T4 × T3 Uptake; estimates free T4 when binding proteins abnormal

Urinary iodine 100-199 µg/L indicates adequate intake; deficiency impairs thyroid function

Optimal: 70-150 ng/mL; supports T4 to T3 conversion; may reduce TPO antibodies

FSH: varies by cycle phase; elevated (>25) indicates perimenopause

Normal: 1.0-3.5 ng/mL; <1.0 suggests diminished ovarian reserve

Normal: 2-29 ng/mL (women); elevated may indicate pituitary adenoma

Age-dependent; declines 2-3% per year after age 25; supports hormone production

Men: 10-57 nmol/L; Women: 18-144 nmol/L; low SHBG linked to insulin resistance

Total PSA <4 ng/mL generally normal; Free PSA >25% suggests benign disease

Normal fasting: 0.5-2.0 ng/mL; helps distinguish Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes

Normal: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL (men); optimal: <6 mg/dL; elevated linked to metabolic syndrome

HOMA-IR = (Glucose × Insulin) / 405; <1.0 optimal; >2.5 indicates insulin resistance

≥90: normal; 60-89: mild decrease; <60: chronic kidney disease

Normal: 0-22 mm/hr (men), 0-29 mm/hr (women); elevated in infection, autoimmune, cancer

<1 mg/L: low risk; 1-3 mg/L: moderate; >3 mg/L: high cardiovascular risk

<200 ng/mL: low risk; >200 ng/mL: increased risk of coronary events and stroke

Age-dependent ranges; too high or too low linked to mortality; optimal mid-range

Higher levels associated with lower cardiovascular risk and better insulin sensitivity

Higher levels in obesity indicate leptin resistance; context-dependent interpretation

≥8%: optimal cardioprotective; 4-8%: intermediate; <4%: high risk

Ideal ratio: 1:1 to 4:1; Western diet often 15:1 or higher

DPA intermediate between EPA and DHA; may have unique anti-inflammatory properties

Normal: 30-200 U/L; elevated after intense exercise, muscle injury, or myocardial infarction

Normal: 140-280 U/L; elevated in hemolysis, liver disease, malignancy, tissue damage

Lead: <5 µg/dL (CDC threshold); Mercury: <10 µg/L blood; lower is better

E4 allele increases Alzheimer's and CVD risk; E2 may be protective

MCV: 80-100 fL; MCH: 27-33 pg; MCHC: 32-36 g/dL; helps classify anemia type

Normal: 0.5-2.5%; elevated indicates bone marrow response to anemia or blood loss

Normally near zero; elevation (left shift) indicates acute infection or inflammation

Negative: <1:40; positive requires pattern and titer interpretation; not diagnostic alone

Negative: <14 IU/mL; positive in 70-80% of RA but not specific

Used primarily for monitoring, not screening; elevated levels warrant investigation

Crystal type helps diagnose stone composition and metabolic disorders

Positive suggests hyperglycemia or rare disorders like galactosemia

Normally absent in adults; presence indicates marrow stress, hypoxia, or hematologic disease

Present in viral infections (mono, CMV); also drug reactions and autoimmune conditions

FAI = (Testosterone/SHBG) × 100; elevated in PCOS; helps assess androgen status

Lower is better; elevated ratio predicts metabolic syndrome and NAFLD

Higher ratio indicates greater inflammation; predicts cardiovascular events

SII = (Platelets × Neutrophils) / Lymphocytes; elevated predicts worse outcomes in cancer and CVD

Higher HRV indicates better autonomic function; RHR 60-80 bpm typical

Normal: 60-100 bpm; athletes: 40-60 bpm; lower generally indicates better fitness

Normal: >12 bpm drop at 1 min; <12 bpm associated with increased mortality

Adults need 7-9 hrs; deep sleep: 15-20%; REM: 20-25%; light: 50-60%

REM Sleep: 90 minutes or more

Sleep: 12-20 breaths/min; elevated may indicate illness or overtraining

Normal: 95-100%; <90% indicates hypoxemia requiring evaluation

Elite athletes >60 cm (men), >45 cm (women); correlates with overall physical function

≥7000-8000 steps/day associated with mortality benefit; diminishing returns above 10000

Fasting: 72-85 mg/dL; peak <140; TIR >90%; low variability preferred

HbA1c: 4.6-5.3%, Fasting Glucose: 89 mg/dL or less

LDL Cholesterol: 50-70 mg/dL

Omega-3 Index / Fatty Acids: >8%

Sodium: 138-142 mmol/L; Calcium: 8.6-10 mg/dL (over 40y); Fasting Glucose: 80-86 mg/dL; Uric Acid: <6 mg/dL; Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio: <3.5; Triglycerides: <100 mg/dL (<80 best if any risk factors); Total Cholesterol: 160-180 mg/dL; HDL: >=50 mg/dL; LDL: 80-100 mg/dL good / 40-80 better; Iron: 40-100 ug/dL women / 50-100 men; Magnesium: 2.07-2.5 mg/dL; RBC Magnesium: upper third of range (about 5.6-6.4 mg/dL); Vitamin D: 50-80 ng/mL; Zinc: >95 ug/dL; Ferritin: 50-100 ng/mL women / 50-125 men; Vitamin B12: >400 pg/mL; HbA1c: 5.0-5.4%; Fasting Insulin: <5 uIU/mL; DHEA-S: 350-500 ug/dL men / 180-350 women; ApoB: <90 mg/dL (<60 for those with high risk of arterial occlusion); Fibrinogen: 295-369 mg/dL; Homocysteine: <12 umol/L (<8 ideal); Cystatin C: <0.91 mg/L; TSH: 1-2 uIU/mL; Free T3: 3.26-4.2 pg/mL (upper part of range); Free T4: top 2/3 of range (1.13-1.8 ng/dL); hs-CRP: <1.0 mg/L (lower is generally better); Total Testosterone: men 700-1100 ng/dL (Quest) or 600-900 (LabCorp) / women 28-60 ng/dL; Free Testosterone: men 115-155 pg/mL (equilibrium dialysis); Pregnenolone: top third of range (165-237 ng/dL); SHBG: men about 30-40 nmol/L / women about 60-80 nmol/L; Estradiol: men 16-29 pg/mL (LC/MS); PSA: <1.0 ng/mL; Progesterone: premenopause 10-22 ng/mL at day 21 / postmenopause 2-6 ng/mL

ApoB: <70 mg/dL; LDL: <70 mg/dL; HDL: 50-85 mg/dL; Triglycerides: 40-80 mg/dL; hs-CRP: <1.0 mg/L; HOMA-IR: <1.5; Vitamin D: 50-70 ng/mL; Ferritin: 50-150 ng/mL

Fasting Glucose: 75-85 mg/dL

Fasting Insulin: 3-7 uIU/mL

TSH: 0.5-2.0 mIU/L; Free T4: 1.0-1.5 ng/dL; Free T3: 2.5-4.0 pg/mL

Homocysteine: 6-9 umol/L (target about 7)

Lp(a): <50 nmol/L

TSH: 1.8-3.0 mIU/L

Ferritin: women about 80 ng/mL (overload above about 140-150 ng/mL)